Groner - Methods of Heuristics

Contributors: Walter F. Bischof, Marina Groner, Rudolf Groner Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Place of Publication: Hillsdale, NJ Publication Year: 1983 Subjects: Heuristic--Congresses Table of contents Contents Preface xi 1. Approaches to Heuristics: A Historical Review Marina Groner , Rudolf Groner , and Walter F. Bischof 1 First Methods: Analysis and Synthesis 1 The Search for Algorithms 5 Artificial Intelligence 15 2. An Evolutionary Approach to Cognitive Processes and Creativity In Human Being F. Klix 19 Mechanisms of Evolution and the Origin of Learning Processes 19 The Origin of the Mental Performances and Linguistic Forms Between the Beginning and the End of the Transition Period From Animal to Man 22 Some Mental and Cognitive Traits of Archaic Thinking 24 Numbers and Numeric Systems as Expressions of Cognitive Dispositions 27 The Origin of Meta-Levels of Human Thinking and the Discovery of Logical Forms 31 On Conditions of Creative Achievements in Thinking Processes 32 3. An Evolutionary Approach to Hypothesis and Concept Formation Manfred Kochen 37 Introduction 37 Historical Brief 38 Explication 41 Algorithm for Learning 51 A Systemic Asynchronous Process 57 Conclusion 63 4. Inspiration and Thinking in Mathematics B. L. van der Waerden 69 5. Heuristics and the Axiomatic Method Patrick Suppes 79 The Place of the Axiomatic Method 79 Heuristic Versus Nonheuristic Axioms 81 Axiomatic Analysis of Qualitative Derivations 85 Concluding Remark on the Distinction Between Heuristics and Axiomatics 86 6. Heuristics and Cognition in Complex Systems Dietrich Dörner 89 The Characteristics of Complex Problems 89 The Requirements of Goal Discovery 93 Planning Action 102 Final Remarks 107 7. Heuristics, Mental Programs, and Intelligence Adriaan D. de Groot 109 Introduction 109 Back to Otto Selz 114 Intelligence as A Person Attribute 119 8. On Generating Procedures and Structuring Knowledge Bärbel Inhelder 131 9. Guidance of Action by Knowledge G. Cellérier 141 10. Informal Heuristic Principles of Motivation and Emotion In Human Problem Solving O. K. Tikhomirov 153 11. Jokes and the Logic of the Cognitive Unconscious Marvin Minsky 171 Problems of Commonsense Reasoning 173 Censorship 177 Meaning and Metaphor 178 Traumatic Cognitive Experiences 183 Humor and Evolution 185 12. The Heuristic of George Polya and Its Relation to Artificial Intelligence Allen Newell 195 Introduction 195 Polya's Heuristic 197 Six Theses 212 Thesis: The Diversity of Auxiliary Problems is Still Beyond AI 218 Conclusion 238 13. Problems of Representation In Heuristic Problem Solving: Related Issues in the Development of Expert Systems Saul Amarel 245 Introduction 245 Problem Formulations--Solution Languages--The Formation-Derivation Spectrum 247 The Tower of Hanoi Problem Under Changes of Representation 258 Summary and Discussion 332 Concluding Comments 337 Appendix I 342 Appendix II. Rules of Grammar G3 345 14. Toward a Theory of Heuristics Douglas B. Lenat 351 Motivation 351 Overview 352 Case Study: The AM Program; Heuristics Used to Develop New Knowledge 356 A Theory of Heuristics 378 Case Study: The Eurisko Program; Heuristics Used to Develop New Heuristics 391 Heuristics Used to Develop New Representations 399 Conclusions 402 Author Index Subject Index

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kuuskivi (2008-03-02)

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