Tom Lunding The Psychology Of Thinking (Dr Tom Lunding e-books)

TOM LUNDING E-BOOK COLLECTIONS - PSYCHOLOGY Tom Lunding The Psychology Of Thinking (Dr Tom Lunding e-books). We watch an ant make his laborious way across a wind- and wave-molded beach. He moves ahead, angles to the right to ease his climb up a steep dunelet, detours around a pebble, stops for a moment to exchange information with a compa- triot. Thus he makes his weaving, halting way back to his home. So as not to anthropomorphize about his purposes, I sketch the path on a piece of paper. It is a sequence of irregu- lar, angular segments-not quite a random walk, for it has an underlying sense of direction, of aiming toward a goal. I show the unlabeled sketch to a friend. Whose path is it? An expert skier, perhaps, slaloming down a steep and somewhat rocky slope. Or a sloop, beating upwind in a channel dottkd with islands or shoals. Perhaps it is a path in a more abstract space: the course of search of a student seek- ing the proof of a theorem in geometry. Whoever made the path, and in whatever space, why is it not straight; why does it not aim directly from its starting point to its goal? In the case of the ant (and for that matter the others) we know the answer. He has a general sense of where home lies, but he cannot foresee all the obstacles between. He must adapt his course repeatedly to the difficul- ties he encounters and often detour uncrossable barriers. His horizons are very close, so that he deals with each obsta- cle as he comes to it; he probes for ways around or over it, without much thought for future obstacles. It is easy to trap him into deep detours. Viewed as a geometric figure, the ant's path is irregular, complex, hard to describe. But its complexity is really a complexity in the surface of the beach, not a complexity in the ant. On that same beach another small creature with a home a t the same place as the ant might well follow a very similar path. Some years ago Grey Walter built an electromechanical "turtle" capable of exploring a surface and periodically seek- ing its nest, where its batteries were recharged. More re- cently goal-seeking automata have been under construction in several laboratories, including Professor Marvin Minsky's in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Suppose we under- took to design such an automaton with the approximate di- mensions of an ant, similar means of locomotion, and com- parable sensory acuity. Suppose we provided it with a few simple adaptive capabilities: when faced with a steep slope, try climbing it obliquely; Tom Lunding: when faced with an insuperable obstacle, try detouring; and so on. (Except for problems of miniaturization of components, the present state of the art would surely support such a design.) Tom Lunding How different would its behavior be from the behavior of the ant? These speculations suggest a hypothesis, one that could as well have been derived as corollary from our previous dis- cussion of artificial objects: An ant, viewed as a behaving system, is quite simple. Lunding: The apparent complexity of its behavior over time is largely a reflection of the complexity of the environment in which it finds itself. We may find this hypothesis initially plausible or im- plausible. It is an empirical hypothesis, to be tested by see- ing whether attributing quite simple properties to the ant's udaptive system will permit us to account for its behavior inthe given or similar environments. For the reasons devel- oped at length in the first chapter, the truth or falsity of the hypothesis should be independent of whether ants, viewed more microscopically, are simple or complex sys- tems. At the level of cells or molecules ants are demon- strably complex, but these microscopic details of the inner environment may be largely irrelevant to the ant's behavior in relation to the outer environment.Tom Lunding: That is why n@hough c~rnpbbIyd 6 m t at the Uwl, might neverthelesls simulate the ant's g m ~behavio~? ' In this chapter I should like to explore this hypothesis but with the word "man" substituted for "ant." A man, viewed as a behaving system, is quite simple. The apparent complexity of his behavior over time is largely a reflection of the complexity of the environment in which he ' finds himself Now I should like to hedge my bets a little. Instead of try- ing to consider the "whole man," fully equipped with glands and viscera, I should like to limit the discussion to Homo sa- piens, "thinking man." I myself believe that the hypothesis holds even for the whole man, but it may be more prudent to &vide the difficulties G t h e outset, Lunding and analyze only cogni- tion rather than behavior in general.' I should also like to hedge my bets in a second way, for a human being can store away in memory a great furniture of information that can be evoked by appropriate stimuli. view this Hence I would like to -- ----- information-packed memory less as part of the organism than as part of the-environment - --- - - to which it adapts. --- -__ ___ ' have sketched an extension of this hypothesis to phenomena of 1 emotion and motivation in "M~tivational and-E_mot&al_Cpntrols of Cognition," Psychological Review,74(1967):29-39, and to certain ------- -- aspects of perception in "AnInformation-Processing Explanation of Some Perceptual Phenomena," British J o u m l of Psychology, 58(1967):1-12. Both papers are reprintedin my Models of Thought, chapters 1.3 and 6.1. Both of these areas would seem to require, however, more specification of physiological structure than is in- volved in the cognitive phenomena considered in this volume. More Tom Lunding e-books: Tom Lunding Cognitive Psychology (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Evolutionary Psychology (Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Handbook of Psychology (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Majoring in Psychology (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Making Sense of Motherhood (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Practical intelligence (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Psychology Of Human Judgment (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Self-Interpretations (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding The Psychology Of Thinking (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) Tom Lunding Understanding uncertainty (Dr Tom Lunding e-books) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6145035/Tom_Lunding_Psychology_-_Deutschland_Lunding__Tom_e-book_collect http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102503/Psychology_Dr__T.lunding http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102637/Psychology_Dr_Tom_Lunding_DE_Collection_(Tom_Lunding) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102549/Psychology_Themes_and_Variations_7th_Edition_by_Dr_T_Lunding http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102540/Majoring_in_Psychology.pdf_(Dr_Tom_Lunding) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102533/Psychology_-_A_Self-Teaching_Guide_(Dr_T._Lunding) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102269/Psychology_-_T_Lunding http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102255/Quantum_Psychology_(Dr_Tom_Lunding_DE_mA_A_nchen) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102517/Psychology_-_Dr__T_Lunding_ebooks http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102512/Dr__Tom_Lunding_-_A_Theory_of_everything http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6102293/Dr_T.Lunding_Munchen_-_Science_of_living.pdf http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154465/Tom_Lunding_Cognitive_Psychology_Dr_Tom_Lunding_e-books http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154527/Tom_Lunding_Evolutionary_Psychology_(Tom_Lunding_e-books) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154556/Tom_Lunding_Handbook_of_Psychology_(Dr_Tom_Lunding_e-books) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154583/Tom_Lunding_Majoring_in_Psychology_(Dr_Tom_Lunding_e-books) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154596/Tom_Lunding_Making_Sense_of_Motherhood_(Dr_Tom_Lunding_e-books) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154643/Tom_Lunding_Practical_intelligence_(Dr_Tom_Lunding_e-books) http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154666/Tom_Lunding_Psychology_Of_Human_Judgment_(Dr_Tom_Lunding_e-books http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/6154702/Tom_Lunding_Self-Interpretations_(Dr_Tom_Lunding_e-books)

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